Hinduism Origins :: essays research papers

The origins of the Hindu religion can be traced back to the year 5000 BCE. The word Hindu is a very old word. In ancient times, the river Indus was called â€Å"Hindu† by the Persians who had migrated there. They also called the land Hindustan and it’s inhabitants, Hindus. After that, the religion that followed was called Hinduism. Hinduism is also referred to by practitioners as Sanatana Dharma. This means â€Å"the eternal faith†. Hinduism is not strictly a religion. More than a religion, it is a way of life. Hinduism has no founder, Anyone who practices Dharma can call himself a Hindu. Hinduism is based on the practice of Dharma, which is the code of life. Hinduism has been their way of life for many years. Scholars are confused, it seems to be that Hinduism has no founder. Has been traced to about the year 5000 BCE to the Indus Valley civilization. Development of Hinduism influenced throughout the years by many invasions. Biggest invasion is believed to be the Aryan invasion, circa 1500 BCE. Aryans were light-skinned nomadic people from the steppes of Russia and Central Asia. When they invaded India, they brought with them religion of Vedism. Beliefs mixed with more advanced beliefs of the Indians, creating Hinduism. Early Vedism was the early earth and life changing belief that the battle loving tribes needed. lso believed that Hinduism is derived from Animism. Animism is the belief that every thing and person has a powerful spirit in them or a soul. This spirit is supposed to be capable of helping or harming human beings. This faith is very popular. In fact, if an animist were to want to cut down a tree, he would first explain to the tree how it will be used and then asks for permission to cut it down. That is why many people like the North American Indians used every part of the animal that they killed. During the tTime of the invasions many things changed. The Rig-Veda was composed during the early beginnings of the Hindu religion. The Rig-Veda is a collection of 1, 280 hymns to the gods. There are also three other collections, which were added later. They are called the Samaveda, the Yajurveda and the Atharvaveda. Between the years 800 and 600 BC, a body of style writings called the Brahmanans was attached the Vedas. These writings contain explanations of the ceremonies mentioned in the Vedas.

Recovering Addicts in the Field of Substance Abuse Counseling

RECOVERING ADDICTS IN THE FIELD OF SUBTANCE ABUSE COUSELING Is Substance Abuse Counseling a good career for a convicted felon and recovering drug addict? A person’s past mistakes in life can sometimes prevent that person from getting certain jobs later in life. With a prior criminal record some employers may not consider that individual as a good candidate for the job. Substance abuse counselors can be needed in hospitals, institutions, rehab centers, schools, and other government ran facilities.With a felony conviction against your criminal back ground check, government ran facilities normally will not hire convicted felons due to higher risk of a liability. Personal background checks are sometimes required as well and if that individual has a past known drug addiction, employers may seem skeptical of hiring. It has however been acknowledged that a recovering drug addict will make a better candidate than someone with no past drug addiction. A recovering drug addict has experi enced personally the addiction, struggles, and with drawls that are present when trying to become sober.Close to 100,000 people in the US work in recovery related jobs earning their living as drug counselors,†techs†,or social workers at the hospital treatment programs and thousands of rehabs across the country. Most people who enter the field of substance abuse counseling have some kind of personal connection with the problem. More than 50% are recovering drug addicts themselves or have family members or close friends that are addicts. A strange twist on the famous Hunter S. Thompson’s quote â€Å"When the going get weird, the weird turn pro. With a personal connection to a past life of drug/alcohol use it usually tends to mean substance abuse counselors are incredibly passionate and dedicated. There is however a downside. Many addicts even significant amount of sober time, are at risk of a relapse. When substance abuse counselors stumbles, the consequences are o ften more crucial than that of someone who is not in that type of career. Cynthia Moreno Tuchy, the EXECTUCTIVE DIRECTOR of THE NATIONAL ASSIOCATION OF ALOCHOLISM AND DRUG ABUSE COUNSELORS (NAADAC) puts a rather fine point on it. We (chemical dependency professionals) do very well treating clients in general; we don’t do so for the professionals in recovery. We tend to blame the victim –we say you have a disease, but we are not recognizing relapse is part of that disease cycle. Why would we not do for addiction counselors as we would for everyone else? † She says. Most graduate programs in chemical dependency require applicants to have significant time free-typical a year or two-from chemical use and in most states licensing boards require similar amounts of clean times.When a substance abuse counselor relapses, they violate that condition and normally lose their jobs. The climb back tends to be quite steep. While relapse of a counselor poses danger to patients, the biggest threat is actually to the person who relapses. â€Å"Anecdotally the recovery rate for persons who work in the field that relapse is abysmal. † Says Chuck Rice. Counselors who do relapse, may continue to escalate with their relapse for fear of losing their job and can go untreated and hit rock bottom once again, which could have been a simple slip up if treatment was assemble as sought.Many people, who make a living in the recovery field, complain over time, it can become easy for professionals to blur the line between demands of personal recovery and the demand of their job. Giving the low success rate at many rehabs, burn out is a major issue. â€Å"When you work in the field,† says John Leonard, â€Å"The last thing you want to do when you get off work is to go to a meeting. † Furthermore, recovering substance abuse counselors get used to being the one with the answers, the experiences, and creditability. It’s easy to confuse work with thei r own personal recovery programs.The irony is that support and safety nets that exist for other professionals who fall victim to addiction does not exist for people who work in this field. â€Å"Sobriety rates of monitored professionals exceed 90%† Says Chuck Rice, â€Å"A rate far above the average general population. † Touhy estimates that 85,000 people in the addiction work force an as many 30,000 are recovering addicts. Without a national monitoring system and strong areas of informal support, these professional who work every day helping others to a clean life will go without the support they need and deserve.As the recovery field grows, so will the need for the professional working to help make the system work. If a system such as this is established I believe it is possible and a good choice career for a recovering addict to pursue a career as a substance abuse counselor despite the risk and triggers that can lead to relapse many counselors and people working in the addiction field can relate to current addicts lifestyles and be grateful they are not on that path themselves. Having desired to help others recover from addiction because they themselves re in recovery there is hope in knowing that recovery is possible because they have achieved it. There was an incident that happened in 2009 that captured the national news. Adam â€Å"DJ AM† Goldstein, host of MTV GONE TO FAR intervention reality series, was found dead at his New York City apartment from a drug overdose. DJ AM had just finished filming the MTV intervention reality series when he himself relapsed and died from a drug overdose. He had been sober for eleven years and had hoped to help others beat drug addiction.Goldstein admitted before his death that watching the videos filmed by Gone to Far’s addicts and loved ones was a â€Å"terrifying† experience. Goldstein stated,† I am a recovering drug addict. When I see and I am in their room and the paraphern alia and the whole lifestyle and everything, I still, eleven years later, have little thing in my head that starts thinking, Oh, Where’s that? , I wonder what that is? And I look at it in this way, And I have to constantly remind myself why I’m here and remember what it was like. â€Å"There’s no better way to remember what it was like at my bottom than to see someone at their bottom, and to help them and lift them up. † Nick Zybko wrote that nearly 40% of substance abuse counselors relapse over the course of their career. The need for substance abuse counselors is growing in today society. With economic failures and job layoffs, more people today are at a greater risk in turning to drugs or alcohol to escape and run from their problems. Counselors and other professional workers in the addiction fields are continuing to search for roles to help society deal with substance abuse.Counselors are aware of the destruction it causes to individuals, families, bu sinesses, and other organizations caused by dependency on alcohol or other drugs. One factor in important quality needed in a successful intervention and recovery with counselor and patient is empathy, genuineness’s, warmth, immediacy. Paired along with effective helping skills, such as questioning, comforting, self-disclosing, clarifying, and other skills common to the counseling process.Most substance abuse counselors who are recovering addicts can relate to the patients on a more personal level and a patient-counselor trusting relationship can be better formed. Each organization and treatment facilities differs from state to state as to what credentials you need to pursue a career as a substance abuse counselor. All facilities I have researched are accepting to recovering addicts as long as there is a sobriety of one to two years. Most recovering addicts have a criminal background record as well due to the â€Å"addiction disease†.There are some rehabs a treatment f acilities that only hire certified substance abuse counselors who are in fact recovering addicts even with a criminal record. As long as the substance abuse counselor is not on probation or parole this type of career is perfect for a recovering addict with a criminal past who has the desire to help others recover from addictions. As with any career and everyday life, a recovering addict is always at risk of relapse because of the disease. Perusing a career as substance abuse counselor has it downfalls as well as its advantages.Living a drug free life and remaining in recovery is important no matter the choice of career. I have pondered throughout most of my life as to what type of career I want in life and now that I am at a point in my life to making positive changes, I feel substance abuse counseling is an excellent choice for myself and perhaps others who have lead a similar life to myself and have the want and desire and even personal experience and knowledge to help others reco ver from their addictions to live a healthy happy life without drugs or alcohol. Sally Hughes [email  protected] phoenix. edu

California s Early Care And Education System - 1342 Words

Introduction This literature review describes California’s early care and education system, specifically program models and funding streams, then address the topic of how parents select child care. Through a neoliberal framework, particular attention will be paid to how early care and education programs compete to recruit prospective students and their families. Based on the literature, conclusions will be drawn about how the current competitive landscape between early care and education programs is shaping student and family recruitment practices. California’s Early Care Education System â€Å"Early childhood education and care† is an umbrella term, which describes a plethora of disparate, categorical, and idiosyncratic educational and child care programs available to young children. In California, this term encompasses Head Start, state preschool, transitional kindergarten, family day care, private preschool, daycare, quality improvement programs, local community programs, relative child care, and childcare provided by friends and neighbors. The following subcategory describes each program model including eligibility requirements, funding, and oversight and regulation. Program Models California’s numerous early care and education programs can be subdivided into two categories: licensed and unlicensed. Licensed child care programs are required to meet, at a minimum, Community Care Licensing requirements as governed by California Code of Regulations, Title 22,Show MoreRelatedHow Should Tuition Inflation Be The Central Cause? 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First of all the main reason we have gangs is because of the old gangs members that have become father and have taught their children the gang â€Å"business.† A lot of the gangs we have are a younger branch of the older gangs from the 90’s and 80’s. Poor immigrants that migrated to Los Angeles to work in the fields fueled the epidemicRead MoreCalifornia Agriculture : California Of The United States And Around The World1379 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Swanson California History 37 May 6, 2016 California Agriculture Among all the states of the Union, California is probably the most famous both inside the United States and around the world. This fame is based on images made popular through television and the movies, which portray California as a modern, exciting leading edge society. The most important aspect of the California modern economy today is the same as it was to the Natives of California, California Agriculture. 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With a Ph.D in history from the University of California, Los Angeles, her research interest is on the impact of United States‟ global presence, particularly in Asian countries. In Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History (2003), Choy question the reasons underlying the massive exports

Air Pollution And Its Effects - 1271 Words

According to the World Health Organization, approximately 7 million premature deaths annually are linked to air pollution. Air pollution is described as â€Å"a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air† (â€Å"Air Pollution† MedlinePlus). This form of pollution mainly occurs from the burning of fossil fuels, noxious gases from vehicles, manufacturing chemicals, ground-level ozone (a reactive form of oxygen and a primary component of urban smog), and tobacco smoke (â€Å"Air Pollution† National Institute...). These emissions suspend deadly particles around in the air that can remain in the environment for long periods of time. People exposed to high levels of air pollutants may experience â€Å"burning in their eyes, an irritated throat, or breathing difficulties† (â€Å"Basic Information†). Moreover, this pollution can lead to serious, long-term health concerns including accelerated aging of the lungs, lost lung capacity, decreased lung funct ionality, and developed diseases such as asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and possibly cancer (â€Å"Health Effects†). Air pollution poses a threat to the majority of Earth’s population due to the fact that the average adult breathes in 3,000 gallons of air everyday (â€Å"Basic Information†). Outdoor air pollution is one of China’s most serious environmental problems. Because of the mass continued use of coal, China’s air pollution mainly consists of coal smoke with sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter. Dozens of studies have been conducted on urbanShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution990 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution should be addressed more seriously, because it is the deadliest of pollutions killing millions of per year around the world. 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The Portrayal of Differences in Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw...

Examine the portrayal of â€Å"difference† (e.g physical limitations, mental illness, race, class, or sexual identity) in at least two literary works you have studied. It can be noted that throughout both texts difference can be found portrayed in different ways. The texts I will be focussing on are Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw and The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood. Whether it be the difference in class between Eliza Doolittle her father and her mentors Mr Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering or in the case of the Handmaids tale of Offred status in class in comparison to the Commander and his wife. Difference can also be noticed by the different occupations and titles denoted by people in the different texts such as â€Å"doctor† and â€Å"commander†. This essay shall also explore how noticeable the differences are of Eliza, before she became a lady and how the difference between the normal life and now the Gilead regime. Of the three questions offered I felt that this one in particular stood out as having the most links between each other with the portrayal of difference in both texts being noticeable. The difference in class is particularly apparent in The Handmaids Tale in which people are denoted by colours according to their rankings. In the case of Offred she is denoted by dressing all in red to recognise her fertility and ripeness. However Offred also sees this as a connotation of blood, sometimes being something of a life force for her, yet also associating it with violence and

Chocolate Research Paper Free Essays

WOMEN STUDIES ECO-FOOTPRINT PROJECT Topic – Cocoa Beans Production Process Chocolate is a key ingredient in many foods such as milk shakes, candy bars, cookies and cereals. It is ranked as one of the most favourite flavours in North America and Europe. Despite its popularity most people do not know the unique origin of this popular treat. We will write a custom essay sample on Chocolate Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chocolate is a product that requires complex procedures to produce. The process involves harvesting cocoa, refining coca to cocoa beans, and shipping the cocoa beans to the manufacturing factory for cleaning, coaching and grinding. These cocoa beans will then be imported or exported to other countries and be transformed into different types of chocolate products. Cocoa beans grow in countries like Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Indonesia, Brazil, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Malaysia, but the highest cocoa producing country is Cote d’Ivoire. The production process of cocoa beans include: first, cocoa is harvested manually. The seed pods of cocoa are collected and the beans are selected and placed in piles. These cocoa beans are then ready to be shipped to the manufacturer for production. Cocoa grows in pods that sprout off the trunks and branches of cocoa trees. The pods have the shape and almost the size of football. The pods start out green and turn orange when they are ripe. When the pods are ripe they are harvested gently with machetes. Machines can damage the trees or the clusters of flowers and pods that grow on the trunk, so workers have to harvest the pods by hand, using short, hooked blades mounted on long poles to reach the highest fruit. The cocoa seeds then undergo a process of fermentation by placing them in large, shallow, heated trays or by covering them with large banana leaves. If the climate is right, they may be simply heated by the sun. Workers mostly women come along periodically and stir them up so that all of the beans come out equally fermented. This process may take up to five or eight days. After fermentation, the cocoa seeds are dried before they can be scooped into sacks and shipped to chocolate manufacturers. Farmers simply spread the fermented seeds on trays and leave them in the sun to dry. The drying process usually takes about a week and results in seeds becoming reduced to about half of their original weight. During the production process, labor is not equally divided between men and women who work in the planation; this brings us to the issue of gender division. The gender divide that exists on the cocoa plantation is that most farm work is conducted by men, although most certainly there are tasks where women are very active, such as scooping the beans from the already opened husks, turning the beans during the fermentation and drying process, and sewing the jute sacs needed for the packaging of the dried beans. Women in the farms normally tend to the needs of the family. When female labor is hired during the harvesting time the wages given to them are not the same as those for men. Perhaps another reason why men are preferred is because of their assumed higher productivity rate compared to that of women. Due to different practices followed in individual regions, even within countries, the participation of women and their assigned tasks vary enormously. For instance, because of the popular method of sun drying cocoa beans in Ecuador, it is necessary to â€Å"clean† the beans. This job is mostly undertaken by women. This is not the case in Ghana or Brazil where sun drying is accomplished while protecting the beans from foreign matters and waste. It is interesting to note however that there is no specific pattern for the assignment of tasks to women, except during the harvest when the scooping of the beans from the opened pods is primarily performed by women in most cocoa producing countries. Given the great differences in the systems of production in producing countries it is difficult to find a common percentage that reflects the average participation of the female work force. It is worth mentioning that unlike the coffee agricultural sector, there are no associations or specific groups that house ‘women only’ involved in the cocoa sector at any level, although all associations and cooperatives are open to all who qualify. Due to fluctuation of cocoa prices in the world market, farmers have no long-term security, and in some situations, they do not have enough funds to support their farming business. Cocoa farmers are always faced with financial hardship; they are not able to provide for their families as they would want nor have enough funds to start up their own farming business because they only receive a fraction of the proceeds from the selling of the beans on the world market and there are many people in the trading chain. Cocoa farmers around the world face many challenges. It is estimated that about one-third of global cocoa crops are destroyed by pests and diseases every year. Many cocoa farmers have limited access to the latest agricultural technologies or methods of cultivation and few of them ave business backgrounds to help them effectively market their products and manage their operations. Many of the farming communities live in poverty and are infected with diseases. Industry groups, governments and consumers worldwide have raised concerns about the use of pesticides and child labor on West African cocoa farms. An interview conducted by Christophe Koffi showed that one major problem that women in cocoa production encounter is the lack the of financial capability or backing due to the fact that most of these women find themselves in a male dominated occupation. It is very difficult for them to secure financial aid or loans to manage their farms. For instance, â€Å"Women cannot inherit or even create a cocoa plantation under our patriarch-dominated tradition,† said Vanie, criticising what she called a â€Å"backwards and misogynist† practice† (Koffi, 2008) because we still live in a patriarchal dominated society where women do not have the right to own lands and properties. This paper further talks about the sustanability in the production process of cocoa. We will be looking at Lindt Sprungli’s which is a family company and a major producer of chocolate and other cocoa products with a headquaters in Kilchberg, Switzerland. Lindt Sprungli is one of the few chocolate makers that have complete control over every step of the production chain starting with the precise selection of the finest cocoa varieties from the best growing areas in the world right on through the careful and expert processing until ending with the elegant packaging. Lindt gets its cocoa beans mostly from Ghana and Central and South America. Lindt has been very conservative in the amount of energy its invests in the chocolate production process. Each existing and future facility and investment undergoes very detailed analysis to determine how much energy can be saved. Through better insulation and energy recovery, Lindt Sprungli was able to cut down on energy consumption by more than 13% per ton produced between 2004 and 2010. The company intends to continue reducing the energy consumption rate per ton produced by an average over the coming years. According to the Lindt publication, The company’s efforts: since 1999, Lindt Sprungli’s Swiss subsidiary, Chocoladefabriken Lindt Sprungli (Schweiz) AG, has been an active member of the Lake Zurich Energy Model Group†¦The Swiss government and independent engineers have audited the progress and as a result, the Swiss subsidiary has been granted the official certificate. Kilchberg, 2012) Since 2007, Lindt Sprungli under water conservation has been participating in the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP)†¦Since then, the measurements of water emissions and energy consumption have been largely based on the concept of the ‘Methodology Fossil Fuels’ set out in the CDP Protocol†¦Waste water, Lindt Sprungli continuously monitors and analyses the use of water and the output of wastewater in the production process and intends to fu rther reduce the use of fresh water in this process, which, in turn will impact the output of wastewater (Kilchberg, 2012) The major people that benefit from cocoa production are mostly the big corporations. The corporations exploit cocoa farmers in the sense that they do not pay them the true worth of their labour. Women who work on the farms are underpaid and marginalized. There is also the issue of child labor where children of school going age are forced to work on the farms instead of going to school thereby denying them the right to education. The big corporations are not forth coming in releasing information as to how and where they get their cocoa beans from. Most of these African countries where these big corporations get their raw materials from do not have access to good roads, health care facilities, schools, electricity, and there is poverty in most of the communities. These big corporations buy the cocoa beans at a very cheap rate and then import them to the western society and the refined product is processed into different kinds of chocolates (e. g. chocolate drink, chocolate bars of different shapes and sizes and chocolate candies etc. ) which are sold consumers at exorbitant prices considering the price at which the cocoa beans are bought from the cocoa farmers. This explains how capitalism and big corporation exploit cheap labour. Almost everyone enjoys a bit of chocolate every now and again. But if you take a closer look at how cocoa is produced, it may well leave a bitter taste in your mouth. The conditions under which the cocoa farmers in many producer countries live and work are worrying: Despite the fact that cocoa is usually their main source of income, the families struggle to make a living from it. Child labour is not uncommon. As consumers we can work with NGOs to find means of helping the farmers to adapt to new systems of cocoa farming that result higher yields, under socially more acceptable and environmentally friendly conditions, to meet market demands and hence ensure a stable flow income. As a major part of the global cocoa industry which has remained inactive and invisible for so long, consumers of chocolate can demonstrate that they want slavery in the cocoa sector stamped out, and your pressure can highlight their lack of commitment and make them more accountable. Finally all cocoa products, including chocolate, run the risk of being tainted by child labour and slavery. To achieve a satisfactory standard of ethical production in chocolate consumers must help to ensure that companies commit to credible and sufficient actions against such things as use of child labour and the exploitation of cocoa farmers and not make false and unsustainable promises to consumers of being â€Å"slavery- free†. The consumers can liaise with government bodies and NGOs to negotiate fair prices for the purchase of cocoa products and this will in turn help the farmers to gain access to basic social amenities of life. Reference Page Archer, D. (2012). ADM’s commitment to sustainable cocoa. Milwaukee: Copyright 2012 Archer Daniels Midland Company . Clarkson, T. (1998). Anti-slavery. Retrieved November 15, 2012, from www. antislavery. org: http://www. antislavery. org/english/privacy_policy. aspx Kilchberg. (2012, April 22). The environment in the Production Process. Retrieved November 13, 2012, from www. Lindt. com: http://www. lindt. com/swf/eng/company/social-responsibility/lindts-sustainable-cocoa-supply-chain/ Koffi, C. (2008, November 7). Ivory Coast women defy taboos. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from iol News: http://www. iol. co. za/news/africa/ivory-coast-women-defy-taboos-1. 423405 How to cite Chocolate Research Paper, Essays

Case Study of Asic Vs Adler - Free Sample Assignment Solution

Question: Case Study: Asic Vs Adler. Answer: The case revolves around Adler who was a non-executive director of HIH. On the other hand, Williams held the position of the director and the chief executive officer and Dominic Federa maintained the position of the director and financial controller. However, Adler made some requisition and Williams together with Fodera made some arrangements of the advance of ten million dollars from a subsidiary of HIH. Adler was the officer of Santow J to the Pacific Eagle Equity Pty Limited a newly formed organization by him. The purpose was to make profitable trades and investments for HIHC. Moreover, on the next period the company purchased the HIH shares that amounted to the value of three point nine million dollars. The ASIC came to the conclusion that Adlers main intention was to purchase the shares in order to support the HIH share cost for his benefit of his personal HIH shareholding. In addition to that, the Australian Equities Unit Trust was established and PEE was made the trustee. The units of several classes got issued to the HIHC and the Adler organization that was controlled by Adler. The investment of HIHC of ten million dollars that included the HIH shares got purchased with it and later on became part of the trust. Moreover, the HIH shares were later sold at a loss of two point one million dollars on the month of September the year 2000. From August to September the year 2000, Adler made AEUT to buy from his company various investments that were not listed in technology and other internet corporations. The AEUT lost the three investments that amounted to more than three million point dollars. From July to November the year 2000, Adler made PEE to make various unsecured loans that totaled to two million dollars to the organizations that were associated with him. The ASIC had alleged that it was disadvantageous to the AEUTS corporation. However, the ASIC brought various proceedings against Adler, Williams, and Fodera as they alleged the contravention of the associated party transaction. The financial status assistance and the duty provisions of the Directors regarding the Corporation Act were also contravened (Clarke et al, 2003). The case highly reminds the directors of their duties and responsibilities while within the organization. The directors of the company did not act according to their expected ways as outlined by the law. The arising issues were the payment of the ten million dollars that was carried out by an HIH subsidiary to a corporation that Adler was the sole director. All the transactions were carried out without any board member approval and also no disclosure was done to the investment committee of HIH. There was also no documentation of the loans being issued or any form of security that was laid out. The payment was done and it never came to the attention of the other HIH directors who had to be notified of any transaction. Adler had contravened various sections of the Act that stipulated the directors duties. The duties and responsibilities breached include the duty to always act with care and diligence. The directors are supposed to comply with section 180 of the act. They should make the business decisions in good faith and for the best purposes without any personal interest. Adler had made the decisions for his benefit and that of his newly formed company (Bevans, 2007). Secondly, they were supposed to act in good faith and for a better purpose to the organization. The section 181 was breached by the directors and Adler failed to make the appropriate disclosure of where the cash was intended to be directed. He made sure that his personal interest of protecting his shareholding of HIH that was in conflict with the interests of the enterprise. On the other hand, Adler had also breached his duty of acquiring the three unlisted technology investments to PEE and the unsecured loans from AEUT. Thirdly, the duty not to improperly use position was also breached. The section 182 of the act states that any officer, director or employee of any institution should not at any given time improperly use their positions for their advantage. Adler breached the conduct by supporting the cost of shares for his benefit. Williams also misused his position by authorizing the ten million dollars payment without following the correct procedures (El Vault, 2003). Lastly, there was improper use of the information that regarded the company. The section 183 states any member of an organization should not misuse the information they have obtained so as to gain advantage for themselves or other individuals. Moreover, it should not cause any detriment to the company. Adler breached the section by using the information for his advantage and that of his corporation. It concerned the investment committee procedures and investing guidelines. He made sure that the HIH invested the money in the proper way that would lead to him gaining more advantage and profits. The directors breached the act by taking part in actions that are prohibited. It is their role to act according to the act as stipulated by the law and for the smooth running of the corporation. The tribunal decision was to ban Adler acting as director of any company for twenty years a she had violate the legislation outlined in the act. He breached various sections of the act that were supposed to be followed by the directors, employees and other members of the company. Breaching the Corporations Act had to be penalized as it was against the law and the people had to follow it as required. Williams and Adler had contravened the sections of the act that had outlined the duties and responsibilities of the directors in a particular company. The Supreme Court ruled out that Williams was disqualified to being a director of any corporation for a period of ten years. Williams was found guilty of breaching the section 180 and 182 of the Corporation Act and other convictions were entered against the associates. The decision of the court was important to ensure that other persons with similar motives do not breach the act. It was to set an example to other directors of various organi zations and also caution them on the consequences of not following the act. They should respect the Corporation Act and run the organization as expected without any favor or self-interest. The court of law ensures that all the individuals follow the law and those that violate are dealt with and heavy penalties imposed on them (Hill McDonnell, 2012). In conclusion, Adler used his position by ensuring that the ten million dollars was paid to his newly formed company for his interest. He took advantage of the HIH was investing in conservative ways and gave them an option that would be advantageous to him. On the other hand, Williams authorized the payment without the correct procedures or following up to know the exact truth of the matter. The misuse of the information was also seen as Adler used his knowledge to acquire the funds and increase his shareholding in the HIH. The issue later caused deterioration in the company as there were no interests gained. The HIH was supposed to invest and acquire favorable interests that would help them gain profits. The Supreme Court penalized the directors and imposed heavy penalties for violating the Corporations Act. Adler was banned being a director for twenty years while Williams was disqualified for ten years. It was important for them to get punished for their mistakes and neglecting the ir duties and responsibilities in the organization. References Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2002).Strategic management and business policy. Reading, Mass. [u.a.: Addison-Wesley. Clarke, F. L., Dean, G. W., Oliver, K. G. (2003).Corporate collapse: Accounting, regulatory and ethical failure. Cambridge [u.a.: Cambridge Univ. Press. Hill, C. A., McDonnell, B. H. (2012).Research handbook on the economics of corporate law. Cheltenham, U.K: Edward Elgar. Bevans, N. R. (2007).Business organizations and corporate law. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. El, K. Z., Vault (Firm). (2003).Vault guide to corporate law careers. New York: Vault Inc. Lee, D., Swartz, M., American Bar Association. (2007).The corporate, securities, and M A lawyer's job: A survival guide. Chicago: ABA, General Practice, Solo Small Firm Division. Bainbridge, S. (2015).Corporate Law. West Academic. Bainbridge, S. M. (2002).Corporation law and economics. New York, N.Y: Foundation Press. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., McQueen, R. (2002).Corporations law in Australia. Sydney: Federation Press. Kraakman, R. H. (2009).The anatomy of corporate law: A comparative and functional approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press.